CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.Understanding of Shiite
(Arabic : شيعة , Persian : شیعه ) is one of the streams or schools of thought in Islam . Shiites reject the leadership of the first three Sunni Caliph as well reject Sunni Imam of Shiism . Singular form of Shi'ism is Shi'ite (Arabic : شيعي . ) Refers to the followers of Ahlul Bait and Imam Ali . Approximately
90 % of Muslims worldwide are Sunni and 10 % Shi'a affiliations . Term
Shi'a is derived from Arabic word شيعة Shiite . Singular form of the word is Shi ` i شيعي ." Shiites " is a short form of the historic phrase ` Ali Shia شيعة علي meaning " followers of Ali " , in respect of the QS Al
- Bayyinah verse khoirulbariyyah , while the decline in the verse the
Prophet SAW said : "O Ali , you and your followers are the lucky ones " (
yes Ali wa anta syi'atuka humulfaaizun ) . Shi'a according to the
etymology of Arabic which means defenders and followers someone . It also means any group that gathered at the top of the case .As
according to Shariah terminology means they are stating that Ali ibn
Abi Talib very first among the companions and more right to hold the
reins of leadership of the Muslims , as well as her grandchildren after
the death of his son . According
Thabathba'i , Shiite term for the first time addressed to the followers
of Ali ( Shi'a Ali ) , the first leader of the ahl al - temple at the
time of the Prophet Muhammad . The
followers of the Shiite Ali called them was Abu Dhar Al - Ghiffari ,
Miqad bin Al - Aswad and Ammar bin Yasir.Syi ' ah , have historically
experienced some shifts . As time went on , experienced a split among Shiite Sunni sect also experienced divisions .
B.History Emergence of Shi'i
Regarding the emergence of a Shiite in history there are differences among experts . According
to Abu Zahrah , Shi'ite started appearing pasda last days of Uthman ibn
Affaan then grew and developed during the reign of Ali ibn Abi Talib ,
while according to Watt , the new Shiite actually appear when the
ongoing battle between Ali and Mu'awiya known as the war of Siffin . In this war , in response to receipt of Ali against Mu'awiya arbritase offered . Ali told the troops split into two . One group supports the position of Ali ( Shi'a ) and group attitudes mendak Ali ( Khawarij ) .Found among its own Shi'ite Shi'ite occurrences associated with less problems substitutes ( caliphate ) of the Prophet SAW . They
reject the caliphate of Abu Bakr , Umar ibn Khathtab , and Uthman
because in their view only Ali who is entitled replace Prophet . Leadership of Ali in the Shi'ite view is in line with the cues given the Prophet Muhammad during his lifetime . At
the beginning of Prophethood when the Prophet Muhammad was ordered to
convey propaganda relatives , who first received was Ali ibn Abi Talib .
Narrated that the Prophet at the time said that the person who first met his invitation would become his heir and successor . In addition , throughout the prophethood of Muhammad , Ali was the unusually large .
The
main evidence of Ali as the rightful successor of the Prophet is the
event of Ghadir Khumm . Reported that when returning from the last Hajj ,
the journey from Mecca to Medina in a desert called Ghadir Khumm . The Prophet chose Ali as his bride before the mass that accompanies him . In
that event , the Prophet not only establishes common Ali as the leader
of the people ( walyati ' ammali ) , but also menjadikna Ali as the
Prophet himself , as protector ( guardian ) them . But the reality is the other speaking .Contrary
to their expectations , when the Prophet died and his body has not been
buried , there is another group that went to the mosque to determine a
new leader for the loss leader suddenly , while family members of the
prophet and some friends are still busy with preparations for the
funeral of the Prophet . The
group is then menjadai majority went further and with haste choose a
new leader for the reason welfare dann solve their current problems . They
did it without consulting first with the Ahl-ul- bait, relative , or
friend who at the time was still taking care of the cemetery . They did not tell at all . Thus , comrades Ali dihdapkan on a matter that can no longer change .
Due
to the fact that an attitude emerged from among the Muslims who opposed
the caliphate and the majority in matters of belief. They still found a replacement for the prophet and religious legal ruling is Ali . They
are confident that all issues of spirituality and religion should refer
to him and invites people mengikutinya.Kaum is called with the Shi'ites
. But
more than that , as said Nasr , the main reason lies in the emergence
of Shi'ism is the fact that the possibility exists in the Islamic
revelation itself , so it must be realized .Differences of opinion among experts regarding the Shiites is something reasonable . Experts
cling to historical facts " split " in Islam which was started striking
during the reign of Uthman and the strongest gain momentum during the
reign of Ali ibn Abi Talib , exactly after the Battle of Siffin . As
for the Shiites , based on the hadiths that they receive from the ahl
al -bait , argues that the split had already started when the Prophet
died and fell to the Caliphate of Abu Bakr as soon as it is formed
Shiite . For them , the future leadership of Al - Khulafa Ar - Rashidah though , the Shiite group already exists . They move under the surface to teach and spread the Shiite doctrines to the public .
Shiite get a big following especially during Amawiyah dynasty . This is according to Abu Zahrah the result of rough and cruel treatment of this dynasty are ahl al - Bait . Among the forms of violence that are committed entrepreneur Ummaids . Yazid
bin Muawiya , for instance , have ordered troops led by Ibn Ziyad to
behead Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala . Told that after decapitation , the
head was brought before Yazid Hussein and Yazid tonkatnya conk grandson
of the Prophet Muhammad . That
at the time of his often kissed the Prophet . Atrocities like this
cause the Muslims gets interested and follow the Shiite sect , or at
least deep sympathy to the tragedy that befell the ahl al -bait .
In
addition to the development of the Caliphate over the right temple
before the ahl al Ammawiyah and Abbasid dynasties , Shi'ite also develop
their own doctrines . In
connection with theology , they have five pillars of faith , namely
monotheism ( belief in prophethood ) , Nubuwwah ( Belief in Prophethood )
, Ma'ad ( kepercyaan the existence of life Hereafter ) , Imamat (
belief in the existence of the Imamate which is ahl - al temple ) , and adl ( divine state ) . Encyclopedia of Islam in Indonesia is written that the difference between Sunni and Shi'ite is the doctrine of the Imamate .
C.Principal Shi'ite Doctrine
In Shiites are what the name implies Ushuluddin ( religious subjects ) . Five Shiites have Ushuluddin :
1 . Tawheed , that Allah is Almighty.
2 . Al - ' Adl , that Allah is the Most Just .
3 . An- Nubuwwah , that belief Shiites believe in the existence of the prophets as bearers of God's message to mankind.
4 . Al
- Imamate , the Shia believe that the presence of the priests, who
always leads the people as a successor to the prophetic treatise.
5 . Al - Ma'ad , that will be the day of resurrection .
D.Shiite
1.Al - KaisaniyahKaisaniyah
is the name of a Shiite sect that believes that the leadership of Ali
after turning to his son Muhammad bin Hanafiyah . Experts disagree about the founder of the Shiite kaisaniyah , someone says he is a former slave Kaisan Ali ra It is believed that he is the son of Abi Ubayd Almukhtar which has another name Kaisan .Among
the teachings of Shi'ite kaisaniyah is , mengkafirkan preceding caliph
Ali ra and those involved mengkafirkan Sifin war and the battle of Jamal
( Camel ) , and Kaisan thought that Gabriel as came Almukhtar and
inform him that Allah Muhammad ibn Hanafiyah hide .Kaisaniyah sect is divided into several groups , but all of them back to two distinct understanding that :
1 . Believe that Muhammad bin Hanafiyah still alive .
2 . Believe that Muhammad ibn Hanafiyah gone, and leadership positions switch to another .
Principles of al - Kaisaniyah Shi'ism among other things :
1.They do not believe in the spirit of God to drip into the body of Ali ibn Abi Talib , as the confidence of those Saba'iyah .
2.They believe the return of priests ( raj'ah ) after death . Even
most of the followers of al - Kaisaniyah believe that Muhammad Ibn
Hanafiyah was not dead , but still alive housed in Radlwa mountain .
3.They assume that Allah SWT . His will that change according to the change in knowledge. Allah . Reigning something , then commanding the opposite anyway .
4.They believe in reincarnation ( tanasukh al - spirits ) .
5.They believe in the existence of spirits .
2 . Az - Zaidiyah
Zaidiyah
is a Shiite sect that believes in the leadership of Zaid bin Ali bin
Hussein after Zainal Abidin bin Ali Hussein leadership . They
do not acknowledge the leadership of Hussein ibn Ali Zainal Abidin as
recognized Twelver sect , because according to them Zainal Abidin Ali
ibn Husayn deemed ineligible as a leader . In
Zaidiyah , a person is considered as a priest if it meets the five
criteria , namely : the descendants of Fatimah bint Muhammad,
knowledgeable about religion , ascetic ( live only to worship ) , Jihad
in Allah SWT to take up arms and bold .
Sect Zaidiyah recognize the validity of the caliphate or imamate of Abu Bakr As- Sidiq and Umar . In this case , Ali bn Abi Talib rated higher than Abu Bakr and Umar . Therefore
Zaidiyah sect Shiite sect is considered the closest to the Five Priests
sunnah.Disebut also so named because they are followers of Zayd ibn '
Ali ibn Husayn ibn ' Ali ibn Abi Talib . They can be considered moderate because it does not consider the three caliphs before Ali was not valid . The order of their priests , namely :
1.Ali bin Abi Talib ( 600-661 ) , also known as the Commander of the Faithful .
2.Hasan ibn Ali ( 625-669 ) , also known as Hasan al - Mujtaba .
3.Husain ibn Ali ( 626-680 ) , also known as Husayn ash- Shaheed .
4.Ali ibn Husayn ( 658-713 ) , also known as Ali Zainal Abidin .
5.Zaid
ibn Ali ( 658-740 ) , also known as Zaid bin Ali al- Shahid , was the
son of Ali ibn Hussain and half-brother Muhammad al - Baqir .Principles of Shi'ism Zaidiyah , consisting of a few things .
Among them :
1.Believe
one of the descendants of Fatima ( Prophet 's daughter ) who launched
an uprising in defense of truth , can be recognized as a priest , if he
had a knowledge of religious , noble , brave , and generous . Furthermore,
they say that any of the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib can become
priests , can be more than one and even none at all . Priesthood can be confirmed by the ability to lead and can also be based on educational background .
2.Teaching
Shiite leadership Zaidiyah the Khulafa al - Rashidun , acknowledge the
caliphate of Abu Bakr , Umar and Uthman at the beginning of his reign ,
although Ali was judged as the most noble companions . In this regard , there is the concept of Shiite Zaidiyah which reads : جواز امامة المفضول مع وجود الأفضل . The meaning is Abu Bakr المفضول , ' Umar and ' Uthman . While the definition of الأفضل is Ali bin Abi Talib .
3.In
the Zaidiyah Shi'ism , not recognizing familiar ishmah , namely the
belief that priests are guaranteed by the God of wrongdoing , and sin
forgotten . They
also refuse to understand raja'ah ( a priest will appear after hiding
or dead ) , understand Mahdiyah ( a priest who holds the Mahdi will
appear to float justice and destroy evil ) , and understand taqiyah (
prudence to conceal identity next opponent ) .
4.From
terms of its principles or general principles of Islam , Shi'ism
Zaidiyah follow a path that is close to Mu'tazila understand or know
rationalists . The terms of furu ' or legal issues and institutions , they apply Hanafi jurisprudence ( one of the Sunni schools of fiqh ) . Therefore
, in terms of their marriage mut'ah mengharamkannya , although at the
beginning of the Islamic marriage is never permissible , but has been
canceled . Today, Shiite jurisprudence Zaidiyah including fiqh taught at the University of al - Azhar .
3.Al - ImamiImams
Are the ones who believe that the prophet Muhammad had appointed Ali as
a substitute priest with a clear and unequivocal designation . Therefore , they do not recognize the legitimacy of the leadership of Abu Bakr , Umar , and Uthman . For them the issue of Imamate is one of the key issues in religion or Ushuludin .Imamate sect broke into several groups . Large class is a class of Isna ' Asyariyah or twelve Shi'a . The second largest class is the class Isma'ilism . Isma'ilism ruling class in Egypt and Baghadad . Called also Seven Imams . Named
so because they believe that only seven priests of ' Ali ibn Abi Talib ,
and they believe that Ishmael was the seventh imam . The order of their priests , namely :
1.Ali bin Abi Talib ( 600-661 ) , also known as the Commander of the Faithful .
2.Hasan ibn Ali ( 625-669 ) , also known as Hasan al - Mujtaba .
3.Husain ibn Ali ( 626-680 ) , also known as Ash- Shahid Husain .
4.Ali ibn Husayn ( 658-713 ) , also known as Ali Zainal Abidin .
5.Muhammad ibn Ali ( 676-743 ) , also known as Muhammad al - Baqir .
6.Ja ' far ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ( 703-765 ) , also known as Sadiq .
7.Ismail bin Ja'far ( 721-755 ) , was the first son of Ja'far al-Sadiq and Musa al - Kadzim sister .Principles of Shi'ism Zaidiyah , consisting of a few things .
Among them :
1.Science al - Faidh al - divine , that God generously to the priest . So with that priests have accrued over the knowledgeable people in general and other superhuman . They typically have knowledge that no one else has . For him to know the science of what is known to exceed the Shari'a .
2.Really faith and it does not have to look at familiar people , but may be sketchy hiding . Nevertheless, you still have to be obeyed . He is al - Mahdi who gave instructions to man , though he did not appear at some time . He
would appear , and the Day of Judgment will not come until the Mahdi
appears , fill the earth with justice , as evil and injustice is rampant
.
3.Really not responsible for the priest in front of anyone. No one should not blame him , whatever he had done . Society must justify that what they did was good , no evil at all . For the priest had knowledge that the other person can not be reached . That's why they established that the priest Ma'shum .
4.Al - Ghaliyah
The term is derived from the word ghala ghulat - yaghulu - ghuluwan which means increased and rose . Ghala bi - addin which means strengthening and becomes extreme as to exceed the limit . Shi'a Ali ghulat is a support group that has an attitude or an extreme exaggeration . Abu
Zahrah further explained that the extreme Shi'a ( ghulat ) is a group
that put Ali on the degree of divinity , and there is a lift on the
degree of prophecy , even higher than the Prophet Muhammad .Extreme
degree ( ghulat ) given to these groups with regard to his opinion of
the ordinary , that there are some people who specifically perceived God
and there are also some people who are considered as the messenger
after the Prophet Muhammad.Selain that they also develop other extreme
doctrines tanasukh , hulul , beads and ibaha .Sects
known in the Shi'ite Ghulat are Saba'iyah , Kamaliyah , Albaiyah ,
Mughriyah , Mansuriyah , Khattabiyah , Kayaliyah , Hisamiyah , Nu'miyah ,
Yunusiyah and Nasyisiyahwa Ishaqiyah.Nama - name using the name of the
leader of the sect who took or
memimpinnya.Sekte - sect was originally only one , namely ideology
brought by Abdullah Bin Saba ' which teaches that Ali is Tuhan.Kemudian
due to differences in the principles and teachings , ghulat Shiite split
into several sects . Nevertheless all sects agree in principle on hulul and tanasukh . This
ideology is influenced by the ancient Babylonian religious system that
is in Iraq as Zoroastrian , Jewish , and Mazdakisme manikam .The doctrine Ghulat according Shahrastani six that makes them extreme , namely :
1.Tanasukh which is keluarrnya spirits of one 's body and took place on the bodies of others . This ideology is taken from Hindu philosophy . Hindus
believe that the soul tortured by being moved to lower the animal's
body and be rewarded with the means to move from one life to life
tinggi.Syi ' ah Ghulat implement this ideology in imamahnya concept , so
there are states such as Abdullah bin Muawiyah bin Abdullah bin Ja'far that the spirit of God moved to Adam onward to the priests for generations .
2.Bada
' which is the belief that God changed His will in line with changes in
knowledge , and can be ordered and also vice versa . Shahrastani
further explained that bada ' in view Ghulat Shiites have several
meanings . When it comes to science , then it means revealing something that is contrary to a known God . When
related to the will of the true meaning show the desired and violate
applicable laws relating to the command - Nya.Bila then it means that
orders otherwise be contrary to the command sebelumnya.Faham selected by
Mukhtar when he lay claim to know things that
will happen , either through revelation or through a letter sent to him
from his imam.Jika he promise something will happen , then it really
happen like that pronounced , then it is justified as evidence of the
truth of ucapannya.Namun if the opposite occurs , it said that God wanted bada ' .
3.Raj
' ah who still has something to do with mahdiyah.Syi ' ah Ghulat
believe that Imam al - Mahdi will come to bumi.Faham Muntazhar raj'ah
and Mahdiyah this is the whole teaching of the Shiite sect . However
they differed on who kembali.Sebagian
would say that that would back it was Ali and others will say that the
back is Ja'far As- Shaddiq , Muhammad ibn al - Hanafiyah even say ats -
Mukhtar Thaqafi .
4.Tasbih
means likening , mempersamakan.Syi ' ah Ghulat equate them with one of
the priests of God or equate God with this makhluk.Tasbih hululiyah
taken from schools and tanasukh with khaliq .
5.Hulul
means God is in every place , speaking with all languages and there
on each individual manusia.Hulul for Shiites ghulat means God incarnated
in the person of the priest so that the priest should be worshiped .
6.Ghayba
which means eliminating Shi'i Imam Mahdi.Ghayba a belief that the Mahdi
is in this country and can not be seen by the naked eye . Konssep
ghayba first introduced by Ats - Mukhtar Thaqafi H/686 in 66 AD in Kufa
when propagating Muhammad Bin Hanafiyah as the Mahdi .
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSIONS
Shiites in Arabic etymology meaningful defenders and followers someone . It also means any group that gathered at the top of the case .As
according to Shariah terminology means they are stating that Ali ibn
Abi Talib very first among the companions and more right to hold the
reins of leadership of the Muslims , as well as her grandchildren after
the death of his son .Sekte-sekte/Aliran Shiites :
1.Al - Kaisaniyah
2 . Az - Zaidiyah
3.Al - Imami
4.Al - Ghaliyah
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2.Al-khotib, Sayyid Muhibudin, Mengenal Pokok-pokok Ajaran Syi'ah Al-Imamiyah, Surabaya:PT.bina ilmu, 1984.
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