TABLE
OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT:..................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION :...................................................................................... ii
A. Background :................................................................................... ......... ii
B. Problem Formulation :.......................................................................... ......... ii
C. Target of Paper :........................................................................................ ......... ii
CHAPTER
II DISCUSSION :................................................................................. ......... 1
A. Biography :............................................................................................. ......... 1
B. The Work of al-Hallaj :............................................................................ ......... 2
C. Teaching Of al-Hallaj :.............................................................................. ......... 2
D. Cleric
Response to the Doctrine of al-Hallaj :...................................... ......... 4
CHAPTER
III CLOSSING :.............................................................................. ......... 5
A. Conculation :............................................................................................. ......... 5
INTRODUCTIONAl
A.Background
Hallaj
was a prominent Sufi from the 9th century (3 H). life, wanderings and his
outlook on life and mystical ideology, everything has alarmed the world of
jurisprudence. Hundreds and hundreds of scholars of fiqh also defend against
it.
He
was sentenced to death by the cruel, because his teachings are regarded by scholars
of his day to undermine basic Islamic beliefs. Perfunctory approach to explore
the development of the science of Sufism in Islam will always meet with
al-Hallaj.
In
this paper will try to explain about the journey of life and the teachings of
al-Hallaj who like what finally brought in the death of al-Hallaj.
B.
Problem Formulation
The problem formulation in this
paper are:
1. Understanding of al-Hallaj
2. Kinds of teaching of al-Hallaj
C. Target Of Papers
This paper aims to fulfill the task
of tasawuf(al-Hallaj) as a lecture in the
teaching-learning process and hopefully this paper can be useful.
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Biography
His full
name was Abu al-Hallaj al-Mughits al-Husaynibn Mansur ibn Muhammad al-Baidhawi,
born in Baida, a small town in the region of Persia, in the year 244 AD H/858[1] and she began to mature in the city
Wasith , near Baghdad. When the age of 16 years, ie in the year 260 H (873 AD),
he had gone to study in a large and well-known Sufi, namely Sahl bin Abdullah al-Tusturi Ahwaaz in the country[2]. Over the past 2 years he studied the
great Sufi that. After studying with Tusturi, he went to Basrah and learn to
Sufi 'Amar al-Makki, in the year 264 H (878 AD) he went to Baghdad and learn to
al-Junaid. After that he went wandering from one country to another, increase
knowledge in the science and practice of Sufism. So there is no longer a prominent
sheikh, all have passed and asked fatwa and demand.
And three times he rose Hajj to Mecca[3].
When to go
to Mecca for the first time in order to perform the pilgrimage, and returned to
Baghdad, he began to acquire a pupil or follower of the longer growing. He also
did walk to various countries, such as Ahwaz,
Khurasan, Turkistan, and even to India. Wherever he is, he is carrying out
propaganda, invite people to be closer to Allah. Thus his followers, known as
Hallajiyah, increasingly large. His followers were convinced that he was a
trustee, who has a variety of sanctity.
He
returned to Baghdad in the year 296 AH / 909 AD In this city, by chance he was
friends with the head of the royal household, Nasr al-Qushayri, which is
reminiscent of a good administration system and clean government. Al-Hallaj was
always encouraging his friends to make improvements in governance and always
criticism of abuses that occurred. The idea of "clean government"
of al-Qushayri Nash and al-Hallaj was obviously dangerous, because the caliph
should not be said to have no real power and only an emblem alone[4].
Perhaps
because of concerns on the greatness of influence, the tendency to flow Shiite,
and the large number of followers, authorities in Baghdad capture and imprison
him in 910 (297 H). With a number of allegations (that he conspired with the
Qaramith, which threatened the power Daulat Bani Abbas, and he is considered divine by most fanatical
followers, and he said "ana al-Haq" (I'm the one who then was), and
states that the Hajj is not obligatory )[5].
Because of
his words, al-Hallaj was imprisoned, but after one year he could escape prison
with the help of a sympathetic guard him. From Baghdad it can be he fled into
the territory AhwasSus. This is where he hid for four years. But in the year
301 AH / 930 AD can be recaptured and put back in jail and eight years old.
Finally in the year 309 AH / 921 AD, the court cleric held under the Abbasid
empire in the future Caliph al-Muktadirbillah. On May 18 Zulkaidah 309 H, fell
down her sentence. He was sentenced to death by the early and get hit with a
whip on whip, then at the cross, then cut off her arms and legs, his neck is
cut and left hanging fragments of the body at the gates of Baghdad, then burned
and the ashes washed away into Dajlahriver[6].
It is said
that al-Hallaj was facing punishment with courage and said at the time on the
cross: "O Allah, they are Your servants, who have been mustered to kill
me, because of your religious fanatic and wanted to get closer to you. Forgive
them, if only you disclose to them what Thou hast revealed them to me, they
would not be treated like this "[7].
B. The works of al-Hallaj
While in
prison, al-Hallaj wrote many books up to 48 pieces. The titles of his book it
seemed alien and its contents are also many strange and difficult to understand.
The books include:
1. The Book al-Shaihur fi NaqshidḐuhūr
2. The Book al-century wa al-Mabud
3. The Book of Kana waKaifaKaifaYakun
4. The Book HuwaHuwa
5. The Book Sirru al-Alam al-Tawhidwa
6. The Book al-Thawasin al-Azal
7.and others[8].
1. The Book al-Shaihur fi NaqshidḐuhūr
2. The Book al-century wa al-Mabud
3. The Book of Kana waKaifaKaifaYakun
4. The Book HuwaHuwa
5. The Book Sirru al-Alam al-Tawhidwa
6. The Book al-Thawasin al-Azal
7.and others[8].
The books were
just a record, because when the sentence is carried out, the books were also
destroyed, except a stored supporters that Ibn 'Atha with Al-Thawasin title
al-Azal. Of these books and his sources can be known about the teachings of
al-Hallaj in Sufism.
C. Teachings of Sufism Al-Hallaj
1. Hulul
Al-Hallaj
teaches that God has lahut and nasut nature, so man. Through maqamat, humans
are able to mortal level, a level where human beings have been able to
eliminate its nasut and improve lahut that control and become the life. That is
allowing her to hulul God in him, or in other words, God incarnate to His
chosen servants, through the central point of the human spirit[9].
As
according to the term mysticism, al-hulul means understanding which says that
God chose certain human bodies to take place in it after humanness present in
the body was obliterated.
Al-Hallaj
found in human beings in fact there is divinity[10]. He interpret paragraph:
وإذ قلنا للملائكة اسجدوا لآدم فسجدوا إلا إبليس أبى واستكبر وكان منالكافرين {البقرة: 34}
وإذ قلنا للملائكة اسجدوا لآدم فسجدوا إلا إبليس أبى واستكبر وكان منالكافرين {البقرة: 34}
Meaning:
And (remember) when We said to the angels: "Bow down to Adam," then
they threw themselves except Satan he is reluctant and arrogant, and he
belonged to the people who disbelieve ". (Surat al-Baqara: 34).
In
accordance with the teaching, so when he says "I am al-Haq" is not
al-Hallaj who uttered the words, but the spirit of God that takes in him.
Meanwhile,his hulul God to man closely associated with maqamat as already
mentioned, especially maqam mortal. Fana for al-Hallaj contains three levels:
the level of all the tendencies and desires to extac
soul; to extac all levels of mind (tajridaqli),
delusion, feelings and actions summed up solely to God, and disappear all
levels and awareness of the power of thought. From level to level mortal mortal
followed al-mortal, melting intentions become conscious human identity
dissolves in hulul divinity until he realized just God.
2. Al-Muhammadiyah Haqiqatul
Namely Nur
Muhammad as the origin of all the events and deeds of science, and the whole
universe is made his self. Al-Hallaj regard to the Prophet
Muhammad in the two forms are distinct from each other. One form is the form
that qadimNur Muhammad, existed before the existence of all that is manifest
and occult knowledge. The second is a form of prophets sent Baharu
circumstances, limited by space and time and from this was born prophethood and
sainthood[11].
The idea
calls for Nur Muhammad InsanKamil as the perfect manifestation in humans. From
here al-Hallaj featuring Insan Kamil
was not on ourselves but to the Prophet Muhammad himself Prophet Isa al-Masih.
For al-Hallaj, Isa al-Masih al-Shahid style is wujudillah, where tajalli and come God to our self. Likewise sainthood real life there
are on life's Isa al-Masih.
3. Unity of All Religions
Name of
various religions, such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and others are just
different names from the nature of the course.
Different
names, that one. All religion is the religion of Allah means God is leading.
People choose a religion, or born in a religion, not his will, but desired him.
Color can be different ways of worship, but there was only one. This
establishment disandarkannya to provisions (destiny) God predetermined. There
is no boondoggle someone denouncing religion different people with him, because
it was destiny (provision) for God's people. There is no need to quarrel and
acting. But perdalamlah grip in their respective religions[12].
D. Cleric response to the Doctrine
of al-Hallaj
A wide
variety of people about the words of al-Hallaj. Mengkafirkan half and
the other half defending. Some words, especially of the powers at the time it
was known that the teachings of al-Hallaj very damaging public peace.
Most
people Fiqhi mengkafirkannya, arguing that, say that of human
union with God, is stirik great, because associating God with him, therefore he
received suicide law is something to be. IbnTaymiyyah, IbnQayyim, IbnNadim pengrang famous and others thought so. But other scholars like Ibn
advisory, a scholar who was very prominent in the schools of Malik, has provided
an answer: "not my science depth about her, so I did not say
anything[13].
Imam
Ghozali immediately asked the people of the opinion, on Al Hallaj
"Ana'lHaaq" it has been said: "The words that come out of his
mouth is so because the very love of God, If love is so profound, no longer
perceived separation between themselves with the loved.
While
Ad-Damiri author "Hayatul Hayawan"
said: "is not easy easy accusing a Muslim out of it. If his words can
still interpred(otherwise), the other is better
defined. Due to eject someone from an Islamic environment, is a big deal. And
in a hurry to drop the law so, just act ignorant[14].
III.
ANALYSIS
Hulul the
divinity (lahut) transformed himself into a human being (nasut). And according
to al-Hallaj that in humans there are actually a divinity. In accordance with
his teachings, al-Hallaj said "I was Haq".
Unity
between God and Man can occur by taking the form of hulul. So that people can
come together, man must first eliminate the properties of humanity. After the
properties lost his humanity and divinity just stay there inside him.
Once
people understand and can implement it will easily understand and feel the
upstream as experienced by al-Hallaj.
Of
religious pluralism that exists in this world it's basically just a difference
in name only. But the essence is one. They have the same goal, namely to God.
Just fill in the path and toward God (worship) different. So although we are of
different religions need not be mutually deprecating and odds. What matters is
how we go deeper in our respective teachings.
IV. CONCLUSION
Name is
Abu al-Hallaj al-Mughits al-Husaynibn Mansur ibn Muhammad al-Baidhawi, born in
Baida, a small town in Persia, in the year 244 AH / 858 AD Sufi al-Hallaj was
leading from the 9th century (3 H).
Because the words "Ana al-Haq (I am the almighty true)", al-Hallaj was imprisoned. That finally the year 309 AH / 921 AD al-Hallaj was executed.
Sufism teachings of al-Hallaj is about:
1. Hulul
2. Al-MuhammadiyahHaqiqatul
3. The unity of all religions.
The Book of al-Hallaj reached 48 books. His book include:
1. Kitab al-Shaihur fi NaqshidḐuhūr
2. Kitab al-century wa al-Mabud
3. Book of Kana waKaifaKaifaYakun
4. The Book HuwaHuwa
5. The Book Sirru al-Alam al-Tawhidwa
6. Kitab al-Thawasin al-Azal
7.and others.
REFERENCES
Anwar, Rosihon, Science, Mysticism, Faithful Reader, London, 2000.
As romance, Introduction to the Study of Sufism, King GrafindoPersada, Jakarta, 2002.
Hamka, Tasauf, development and refining, Student Library, Jakarta, 1994.
IAIN SyarifHidayatullah, Encyclopedia of Islam in Indonesia, Djambatan, Jakarta, 1992.
Mansur, Laily, the Sufi teachings and example, King GrafindoPersada, Jakarta, 2002.
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