TABLE OF
CONTENTS
TABLE
OF CONTENTS................................................................................................. i
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... ii
a.
Background................................................................................................................... ii
b .
Papers formulation....................................................................................................... ii
c .
Benefits of Writing....................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION........................................................................................... 1
A. Understanding Science................................................................................................ 1
B.
Understanding pegetahuan........................................................................................... 3
C.
Understanding Philosophy........................................................................................... 6
D.
Differences Sciences , Science and Philosophy........................................................... 7
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION....................................................................................... 9
LIBRARY LIST............................................................................................................... 10
BAB I
INTRUDUCTION
A.Background
Philosophy and science are the two words that
are interrelated , both substantively and historically since the birth of
science can not be separated from the role of philosophy . Conversely
developments reinforce the existence of philosophy of science . Position
as a master of philosophy of science , have a very difficult formulation
process and requires a deep understanding , because it is simply the value of
philosophy can be manifested by one authentic philosopher .
The formulation of a stimulus or stimuli to
provide a guidance on how we have to sustain life . Mankind
as a seeker of truth , the truth of existence there are three forms , namely
science , philosophy and religion .
Also referred to as the philosophy of science
that is existential , that is closely related to our daily lives . Even
philosophy became the basis for the motor life , either as an individual or
personal beings or creatures collectively in society .
Therefore we need to study philosophy to its
very roots . Especially
on the basis of science , because human life must have had different
experiences , which then it would appear from experience science as a
collection of experiences or existing knowledge in order to open the
philosophical insights of thought .
B.Formulation of paper.
1.Understanding of Sciences.
2.Understandig of Knowledge.
3.Understanding of Philosophy.
4. Differences Sciences , Science and Philosophy.
C.Benefit of Writing
B.Formulation of paper.
1.Understanding of Sciences.
2.Understandig of Knowledge.
3.Understanding of Philosophy.
4. Differences Sciences , Science and Philosophy.
C.Benefit of Writing
Benefits of this paper is as a means to
increase knowledge we already have , especially about science , knowledge and Philosophy.
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
A.Understanding
Sciences
Science
etymologically derived from the Arabic ' alima , ya'lamu , ' ilman , with wazan
fa'ila , yaf'alu , which means to know , recognize , understand , really
understand . In English is called science , in Latin scientia ( knowledge ) -
scire ( to know ).[1]
While the terminology of science is
:
1.In the Indonesian dictionary of
science is knowledge of a field bersisitem arranged according to certain
methods that can be used to explain certain phenomena in the field of (
knowledge ) , it is generally defined by science but also interpreted with
science.[2]
2.Ashley Montagu states that "
Science is a systemized knowledge services form observation , study , and
experimentation Carried on under Determine the nature of principles of what
being Studied . " ( Knowledge of science is organized in a system derived
from observation , study and experience to determine the nature and principle
of the thing being studied ).[3]
According to the Quraish Shihab
further said that there are two kinds of science that is based on the
perspective of the Koran :
1.First , knowledge acquired without
human effort , called ladunni science .
2.Second , knowledge gained as a
business man , who called kisbi science .
The characteristics of science :
In this case Randall suggests some
common characteristics of the science , including :
1 . Is accumulative , meaning that
knowledge is the common property . Results of the knowledge that can then be
used for investigations or theoretical basis for the discovery of new
knowledge.
2 . The truth is not absolute ,
meaning that there is still a possibility of error and allows for improvement .
But keep in mind , if there is some mistake or error , then it is not the fault
of the method , but in terms of human use that method .
3 . Is objective , meaning that the
results of scientific understanding should not be mixed individually , are not
affected by the inventor , but must be in accordance with the fact the original
state of the object.[4]
Prof . Drs . Harsojo adding , that
the common feature of a science it must have or be :
1 . Are rational (reasonable )
2 . Empirical (as reality )
3 . General (not to be monopolized )
4 . Cumulative.
Liang Gie more specifically mention
the characteristics of science as follows :
1.Empiris ( based on observation and
experiment ) .
2.Sistematis ( arranged logically
and have a mutually dependent relationship and regular ) .
3.Objektif ( free from prejudice and
personal preference ) .
4.Analitis ( decompose problems into
parts that detail ) .
5.Verifikatif ( verifiable ) .[5]
Science
emerged from the curiosity that is characteristic of human beings and nature.Knowledge
can be developed by humans because there are two fundamental reasons , namely :
a) Humans have language that is able
to communicate his thoughts that the background for the emergence of science .
b ) Humans have the ability to think
in a certain groove framework of thinking .
Within the scope of philosophy ,
known science of the few schools of thought , including :
1 ) Empiricism .
Empiricism
comes from the Greek , meaning empeirikos " experience " . According
to this flow , humans acquire knowledge through experience . What is meant here
is the experience of sensory experience (sense experience ) . But this much
flow as kelemehannya , among which :
a) a limited sense . Example :
vision for distant objects .
b ) Sense of the cheats . Example :
malaria patients feel bitter sugar etc. .
c ) Objects are deceptive . Example
: mirages and illusions .
2 ) Rationalism .
This
flow states that the basic reason is the certainty of knowledge , the way
humans grasp objects with a reasonable and measured truth . With this flow ,
the error caused by the weakness of empiricism flow sensing devices can be
corrected with a healthy mind . But with the sensory organs , makes sense
stimulated to function optimally.
The
methods used in preparing the sense of knowledge is by doing a process of
reasoning or rational concepts are universally established . The downside of
this flow is not able to evaluate the truth of this reasoning , because it is
abstract reasoning . Example , according to one good idea is not necessarily
considered good by others .
3 ) Criticism .
This
flow is the perfection and completion of the conflict between rationalism and
empiricism . This stream is advanced by Immanuel Kant with criticism of the
method . This flow uses the experience as a data collector , data processing or
resourceful as the concept is corroborated by experiment and procurement
measures include certain restrictions . 3 new knowledge so that it appears in
this school of thought , namely :
a) Knowledge of analytical , the
analytical calculation requires knowledge of the object . example , the
peritungan that the circle is round .
b ) synthetic a posteriori knowledge
, ie knowledge associated with sensory experience . For example, in the
sentence " Today is raining " is a sensory observations of the rain
that has fallen .
c ) synthetic a priori knowledge ,
ie knowledge that combines intellect with a sensory experience . For example,
surely Sciences ( science ) , the science of flight , science , etc. .
In the world of philosophy , of
science is based on the 3 pieces or systematic approach to the science itself,
such as:
a) Ontology , discuss or define the
theory ( what ) " the existence of " some object , or empirical
science . Resulting in reality , for example , whether the universe ? , What is
a living thing ? etc. .
b ) Epistemology , theory of
knowledge is reviewing . Epistemology discuss " how to " knowledge
that can be born or how to get that knowledge , so it will produce a scientific
method which will give birth to various branches of science ( science ) as it
is known today .
c ) Axiology , which discusses the
theory of " why / for what " the science or an object , resulting in
goals and values ( in which there are social norms , the basic thinking /
reasoning , the basis of life and the use of knowledge , etc. ).[6]
B.Understanding
of Knowledge
Etymologically
derived from the word masdar knowledge in Arabic is ' alima ya'lamu ' ilman and
from the English word knowledge . In Encyclopedia of Philosophy explained that
the definition of knowledge is true belief (knowledge is justified true
belief).[7]
While
the terminolog knowledge is what is known or the work out . According to Sidi
Gazalba in his systematic philosophy , the work out is the result of a familiar
, conscious , aware , understanding and intelligent[8].
Thus , knowledge is the result of the process of human effort to be out .
The
emergence of the problem of knowledge is a very important problem in
epistemology , because it will lead to an answer that varies understand his
philosophy , whether it is a priori answer ( the answer has not been proven by
experience sensory or mental ) or a posteriori ( answers that have been proven
by the experiences and experiments ) . Thus , Abbas Hammami found this
knowledge rests on objective reality . Here are some sources to gain knowledge
, namely :
1 . Sensory experience (sense
experience )
Sensing
is the most vital tool in gaining knowledge , because knowledge originated from
the fact that can be sensed . Such understanding can also be called realism ,
ie understanding which argues that all that can be known is the fact only.
2 . Reason ( reason)
reasoning
( reason) that is thought to incorporate some ideas that are considered
acceptable ( rational ) to acquire knowledge .
3 . Authority ( authority )
Authority
is the legitimate power possessed by a person and is recognized by the group .
Authority to be one source of knowledge for someone with the right authority ,
the group has the knowledge , and the knowledge gained through this authority
is usually not tested again the truth , because the authority of the ruler .
4 . Intuition ( intuition )
Intuition
is the human capacity through mental processes that are able to make a
statement that can be recognized as knowledge . Knowledge gained from this
intuition can not be proven through kanyataan , but it is believed powerful as
knowledge .
5 . Revelation ( revelation )
Revelation
is the message of God to his messenger for the benefit of the people . Which is
then used as a trust because the knowledge contained therein .[9]
Burhanuddin regards it classifies
knowledge into four subjects , namely :[10]
1 ) ordinary or common knowledge (
common sense or good sense ) , which is the basic knowledge that considered in
accordance with what is perceived , known , seen ( in accordance with the facts
) derived from experience and observation in daily life . Example : say something
rated or red , because it is a state of the actual color is red .
2 ) Knowledge of science ( science )
, can be narrowly interpreted to indicate the nature of science that are
quantitative and objective [11],
principled to organize and systematize common sense to carefully and thoroughly
by using various methods .
3 ) Knowledge of philosophy , the
knowledge that discussing something with more basic , broad and deep .
4 ) Knowledge of Religion , which is
the knowledge of the divine teachings , through His messengers .
Knowledge
is basically all what we know about a particular object , including science .
While scientific knowledge is knowledge that comes from common sense which is
then followed up by a more scientific realm , so that scientific knowledge is a
higher level of knowledge in the scientific world . Thus the philosophy of
science can not be separated from the philosophy of knowledge .
The characteristics of knowledge :
1.Knowledge should / could be spoken
: This attribute distinguishes knowledge with the feelings and experiences .
For example , sesetengah " self experience " like a dream is
difficult spoken through the language . But for science , it must be something
that can be spoken through the language .
2.Knowledge have truth values :
Something that was held as knowledge is usually considered to be true . This
characteristic of science to tell the difference pronunciation pronunciation
sasastera which usually contains the elements of superstition .
3.Knowledgeis objective : This
attribute is intended bahawa knowledge is something that can not be changed
according to one's individual preferences or desires .
4.Knowledge obtained through the
study : Knowledge is the result rather than study . She is not something
imaginary . Knowledge about how to obtain knowledge is recognized as
perkaedahan scientific investigation .
5.Knowledge constantly evolving :
Knowledge is always in a process of accretion , stabilization and improvement.[12]
C.Understanding
of Philosophy .
Etimlogi
philosophy is derived from the Greek word is a compound word and is derived
from the words ( philia = friendship , love , etc. . ) And ( sophia = "
wisdom " ) . So the literal meaning is a " lover of wisdom " or
" science " .
In terms of philosophy is a way of life that a person or
group of people is the basic concept of the life of their dreams. Philosophy
also be interpreted as an attitude of someone who is aware and mature in
thinking about things deeply and would like to see in terms of a broad and
thorough with every relationship . Philosophy took an active role in philosophy
because we could see the views about what ( complexity , discuss and test the
validity and accountability of thoughts and ideas that can be justified
scientifically and intellectually ) .
Definition
of philosophy can be said to constitute a philosophical problem anyway . But ,
at least it can be said that the " philosophy " that is about the
study of the meaning and validity of human belief or knowledge on the most
basic and universal . This study explored not by conducting experiments and
experiments , but with a problem expressing exactly , find solutions to it ,
provide proper arguments and reasons for certain solutions , as well as the end
of the processes put in a dialectical process .
Philosophy
is also a science that studies are not only limited to the facts alone but way
beyond the facts to the limit of human logic . Limits of scientific study is
the fact while the study of philosophy is the logical limit or power of human
thought . Knowledge to answer the question " why " and "how
" a philosophy answer the question "why , why , and why " and so
on until the final answer can be given by the mind or the human mind ( it is
also possible the questions continued until the never ending ) .
While
some have argued that philosophy is essentially not a science , but a man's
attempt to satisfy himself as a phenomenon not / can not be explained
scientifically . For example, once people believe that people who are sick
because of disturbed Evils , volcano eruption is due to the wrath of the god of
the mountain ruler , the god of earthquakes happen because of Atlas supporting
the earth " because ateul gagaro longitude " , and many more .
Philosophy
is also often associated with the term Al Hikmah ( wisdom ) , in the book
" Uyun al - Hikmah " Al Hikmah is perfecting the human soul through
the conceptualization and justification ( tashdiq ) theoretical and practical
reality in accordance with the level of human capability , according to Mulla
Sadra al wisdom says no just give emphasis on theoretical knowledge and a
natural thought to reflect the real world , but also the release of lust and
self- purification of the soul from all worldly impurities ( tajarrud ).[13]
Understanding
the terminology is very diverse philosophies . The philosophers formulated in
accordance with the terms of philosophy philosophical trend of thought that
dimilikinya.Berikut philosophy according to some experts :
1.Al - Farabi : Philosophy is the
science ( knowledge ) about the nature of how the nature of actual entities .
2.Sidi Gazalba : Philosophy is the
search for truth from truth to truth , about everything in masalahkan , with
radical thinking , systematic and universal .
Philosophy characteristics :
1.Konseptual : Activity philosophizing
does not limit itself to empirical data that concrete . Philosophy requires a
high power of abstraction in order to arrive at universal concepts of reality .
( need the power of imagination and the power of abstraction is high) .
2.Koheren : The concepts must be
created in the philosophical thinking coherently , has ties to one another .
Concepts that do not bump into one another thadap or conflicting unreasonably .
3.Logis and systematic : Logical
means the right pursuant to common sense and do not contain contradictions .
Means systematic concepts that form a coherent integrative unity .
4.Komprehensif : All the concepts
are coherent , logical , and systematic gathered into the whole of reality and
human experience.[14]
D.Differences between
Science , Knowledge and Philosophy .
|
Knowledge
|
Philosophy
|
Science
|
|
Knowledge is what is known and the results of the work to know.
|
Philosophy is the
science (knowledge) about the universe goes with how the record straight.
|
Knowledge is knowledge organized in a system derived from observation, study and experience to determine the nature
and principles of matter being studied.
|
|
The study is limited, because there is just simply the ability within us to find a case
|
Trying
to formulate questions for the answers . Find general principles , not
limiting in terms of his views tend to regard everything even in general and
overall
|
tend
to regard that learned from a handbook
|
|
Limited research object
|
Overall there
|
Science is the study of
the material world.
|
|
Do not judge an object of a certain value system.
|
Assessing object musings with a meaning, for example, religion, morality, justice and so on.
|
Definition of science is experimental
|
|
Duty to give an answer
|
In charge of integrating the sciences
|
Science can arrive at the truth through logical inferences from
empirical observations
|
|
Knowledge should / could be
spoken, knowledge has a value of truth, knowledge is objective,
knowledge gained through study, knowledge
Constantly evolving.
|
Coherent, conceptual, logical and
systematic, comprehensive.
|
Is
accumulative, truth is not absolute, is objective.
|
CHAPTER
III
CONCLUSION
1.Science is knowledge that is
organized in a system derived from observation , study and experience to
determine the nature and principle of the thing being studied ) .
Characteristics :
1 . Cumulative.
2 . The truth is not absolute .
3 . Is objective .
2.Knowledge is what is known and the
results of the work out .
Characteristics :
1. Knowledge should / could be
spoken .
2. Knowledge have truth value .
3. Knowledge is objective .
4. Knowledge obtained through the
study .
5. Knowledge n Always evolving .
3 . Philosophy is the science (
knowledge ) about the nature of how the nature of actual entities .
Characteristics :
1.Koheren .
2.konseptual .
3.logis and systematic .
4.komprehensif .
LIBRARY LIST
1.http :/ /
kajad-alhikmahkajen.blogspot.com/2010/07/perbedaan-filsafat-dan-ilmu-pengetahuan.html
.
3.Burhanuddin Salam . , 2005.
Introduction to Philosophy . London: Earth Literacy , h.23 - 24
4.http :/ /
sarifudin-zee.blogspot.com/2012/11/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html
5.Suhar A.M. , 2009. General
Philosophy ; Conception , History and Flow . New York: GP Press , h.13 - 16
6.Amsal Bakhtiar.2004 . Philosophy
of Science (revised edition ) . Jakarta : PT Raja Grafindo Persada , h.85
7.Sidi Gazalba.1992.Sistematika
Philosophy . Jakarta : Moon Star . Cet 1.h.21
8.Surajiyo . , 2005. Science
Philosophy An Introduction . London: Earth Literacy , h.55
9.Burhanuddin Salam . , 2005. Introduction
to Philosophy . London: Earth Literacy . , P.5
11.http :/ /
bukublogsyamsirogue.blogspot.com/2012/12/perbedaan-dan-persamaan-antara-ilmu_1981.html
.
12.http://ulfamr.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/definisi-filsafat-pengetahuan-dan-ilmu-pengetahuan-beserta-persamaan-dan-perbedaannya/
[1]
http://kajad-alhikmahkajen.blogspot.com/2010/07/perbedaan-filsafat-dan-ilmu-pengetahuan.html
[2] Ibid
[3]
http://ulfamr.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/definisi-filsafat-pengetahuan-dan-ilmu-pengetahuan-beserta-persamaan-dan-perbedaannya/
[4]
Burhanuddin Salam. 2005. Pengantar
Filsafat. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara,h.23-24
[5]
http://sarifudin-zee.blogspot.com/2012/11/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html
[6]
Suhar A.M. 2009. Filsafat Umum;
Konsepsi, Sejarah dan Aliran. Jakarta: GP Press,h.13-16
[7]
Amsal Bakhtiar.2004. Filsafat
Ilmu (edisi revisi). Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada,h.85
[8]
Sidi Gazalba.1992.Sistematika
Filsafat. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang. Cet 1.h.21
[9]
Surajiyo. 2005. Ilmu Filsafat ;
Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara,h.55
[10]
Burhanuddin Salam. 2005. Pengantar
Filsafat. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.,h.5
[12]
http://ulfamr.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/definisi-filsafat-pengetahuan-dan-ilmu-pengetahuan-beserta-persamaan-dan-perbedaannya/
[13] http://bukublogsyamsirogue.blogspot.com/2012/12/perbedaan-dan-persamaan-antara-ilmu_1981.html.
[14]
http://ulfamr.wordpress.com/2012/10/14/definisi-filsafat-pengetahuan-dan-ilmu-pengetahuan-beserta-persamaan-dan-perbedaannya/
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