TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... i
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I.................................................................................... ii
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ ii
A. Background.............................................................................................................................. ii
B. Problem
Formulation................................................................................................................ ii
C. Target Of Papers...................................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER II................................................................................... 1
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 1
A. Definition ofAdverb clauses....................................................................... 1
B. Kinds of Adverb of Clauses........................................................................ 1
CHAPTER III................................................................................. 5
CLOSSING........................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
English language (english) is an international language of
communication is very important in both the communication to the outside of the
nation, as well as communication to the Indonesian nation itself.
English language (english) is also one of the principal subjects for
certain faculties, so that all students are required to learn the English
language.
Not in spite of it, many among students who are proficient in the
use of English language support but still wrong in its formulation.
By because it was, on this occasion the authors formulate a paper
entitled "adverb of clauses" in order to fix a few of the mistakes in
the formulation.
B. Problem Formulation
The problem formulation
in this paper are:
1. Understanding of adverb clauses
2. Kinds of adverb clauses
C. Target Of Papers
This paper aims to fulfill the task of english as a lecture in the
teaching-learning process and hopefully this paper can be useful.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.Definition of Adverb Clauses
Look at the groups of words in italics in the following sentences:
1. They rested at sunset. [Rested
when?]
2. They rested when
evening came, [Rested when?]
It is evident that both
the groups of words in italics, in 1 and 2, do the work of an Adverbas they modify the verb rested, showing when the action was performed.
We at once recognize the
first group of words, at sunset, as
an Adverb Phrase. In thesecond group of words, when evening came, also an Adverb Phrase?
No: it is not a Phrase , unlike a Phrase, it
has a Subject (evening) and a
Predicate(came when) of its own, and
is thus like a sentence. But though like a sentence it is partof a sentence.
Such a group of words that
forms part of a sentence, and has a Subject and a Predicate of its own, is
called a Clause.
Since the Clause, when evening came, does the work of an Adverb,it
is called an Adverb Clause.
Def: An Adverb Clause is a
group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and
does the work of an Adverb.[1]
Examine the following
sentences:
1. The stolen property was found in the dacoits' hiding place.
2. The stolen property was found where the dacoits were accustomed to hide.
It will be noticed that
both the groups of words in italics do the work of an Adverb.But the group of
words in italics in sentence 2 is a Clause, because it has a subject
(thedacoits) and a Predicate (were accustomed
to hide where) of its own; while the group of words in italics in sentence
1 is a Phrase.We further notice that the Adverb Phrase, in the dacoits'
hiding-place, is equivalent to theAdverb Clause, where the dacoits were
accustomed to hiding, and can therefore bereplaced by it.[2]
B.Kinds
of Adverb of Clauses
We have seen that an Adverb clause is a
subordinate clause which does the work of an Adverb. It may, therefore,
modify some verb, adjective, or Adverb in the main clause; as,
1.Strike the iron while it is hot.
2.You are taller than I thought.
3.He run so quickly that he
soon overtook me.
1. Time. 2. Place. 3. Purpose. 4. Cause.
5. Condition. 6. Result. 7. Comparison. 8. Supposition or
Concession.
1. Adverb
Clauses of time
Adverb Clauses of time are introduced by the
Subordinating Conjunctions whenever,
while, after, before, since ,as etc.Examples :
Ø When you have finished
your work you may go home.
Ø I will do it when I think fit.
Ø Don't talk while she is singing.
Ø While I command this ship there will be
good discipline.
Ø He came after night had fallen.
Ø After the law had been
passed this form of crime ceased.
Ø Do it before you forget.
Ø Before you go bring me some
water.
Ø I have not been well since I returned
from Chennai.
Ø There was silence as the leader spoke.
Ø As he came into the room all rose to
their feet.
Ø The doctor always comes whenever he
is sent for.
Ø They were commanded to wait till the
signal was given.
Ø The world always will be the same so
long as men are men.
Ø As soon as he heard the
news he wrote to me.
Ø Just as he entered the
room the clock struck.
Ø No sooner did he see us than he
disappeared.[4]
2. Adverb
Clauses of Place
Adverb Clauses of Place are introduced by the
Subordinating Conjunctions where and wherever as.
Examples :
Ø I have put it where I can find it
again.
Ø They can stay where they are.
Ø Where you live I will live.
Ø He led the caravan wherever he wanted
to go.
Ø You can put it wherever you like.
Ø Let him be arrested wherever he may
be found.
In older English whence and whither were also used :
Ø Go quickly whence you came.
Ø The wind bloweth whither it listeth.[5]
3. Adverb
Clauses of Purpose
Adverb clauses of purpose are introduced by
the subordinating conjunctions so that,in order that and lest. (In
order that and lest are used in a formal style.)
Examples :
Ø I will give you a map so that you can find the way.
Ø We eat so that we may live.
Ø The UNO was formed in order that countries might discuss world problems
better.
Ø He was extra polite to his superiors lest something adverse should be
written into his records.
Ø Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.
Ø He drew the sword that he might defend himself.[6]
4. Adverb
Clauses of Cause or Reason
Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason are
introduced by the Subordinating conjunctions because, as,
since, that.
Examples :
Ø Because I like you, I shall help you.
Ø I did it because I wanted to.
Ø I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.
Ø He thinks, because he is rich, he can buy justice.
Ø Since you are so clever you will be able to explain this.
Ø Since your father is not at home, I will ask you to take
the message.
Ø Since you swear to serve me faithfully, I will employ you.
Ø I am glad that you like it.
Ø He was very pleased that you have passed.
5. Adverb
Clauses of Condition
Adverb Clauses of Condition are introduced by
the Subordinating Conjunctions if ,whether,
unless.
Examples :
Ø If I like it, I shall buy it.
Ø Come if you wish to.
Ø If it rains we shall stay al home.
Ø If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
Ø You must go whether you hear from him or not.
Ø Whether the Rajah gives him blows or money, he will speak the
truth.
Ø Unless you work harder you will fail.
Ø I shan't pay it unless he sends me the bill again.
Ø I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence.[8]
6. Adverb
Clauses of Result or Consequence
Adverb Clauses of Result or Consequence are
introduced by the SubordinatingConjunction that. Frequently so or
such precedes it in the Principal Clause.
Examples :
Ø They fought so bravely that the enemies were driven off. / So
bravely did they fight that
Ø the enemy were driven off. (Literary)
Ø He is such a good man that all respect him.
Ø So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.
Ø The Romans built in such a way that their walls are still standings.
Ø He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
Ø So terrible a disease broke out that very few of the people survived.
Ø Very heavy rain fell so that the rivers were soon in flood.
Ø Laws were quickly passed so that this abuse was checked.
Ø He behaved in such a manner that his reputation suffered.
Ø So cold was it that many died.[9]
7. Adverb
Clauses of Comparison
Adverb Clauses of Comparison are of two kinds:
1.Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degre
2.Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner.
Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree are
introduced by the Subordinating Conjunction than,
or by the Relative Adverb as.
Examples :
Ø He is older than he looks.
Ø No one can run faster than Rama.
Ø It is later than I thought.
Ø You must work harder than I do.
Ø He is as stupid as he is lazy.
Ø He is not so clever as you think.
Note: The verb of the Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree is often
understood and not expressed ; as,
Ø Nobody knows it better than I [do].
Ø Few are better leaders than he [is].
Ø You like curry better than I [like it].
Ø It will happen as sure as death [is sure].
Ø Not many know the truth of this better than you [know it].
Adverb
Clauses of Comparison of Manner are introduced by the Relative Adverb as
:
Eamples
:
Ø You
may do as you please.
Ø It
all ended as I expected.
Ø As
you have made your bedd so you lie on it.
Ø As
he has lived so wilihe die
8. Adverb
Clauses of Supposition or Concession
Adverb Clauses of Supposition or Concession
are introduced by the SubordinatingConjunctions though, although, even if.
Examples :
Ø Though I am poor I am honest.
Ø Though the heavens fall, justice must be done.
Ø Though He slay me yet will I love Him.
Ø He set sail though the storm threatened.
Ø Although troops had marched all day they fought
bravely all night.
Ø Although I forbade this you have done it.
Ø I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.
Ø Even if it rains I shall come.
Ø Even if he is old he is able to do a great of work.
Ø I would not do it even if you paid me.[11]
CHAPTER III
CLOSSING
So what can we say about the subject matter in this
paper, of course, there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses, because
they lack the knowledge and the lack of reference or the reference has to do
with the title of this paper.
The authors hope that readers willing to give
constructive criticism and suggestions to the author for the perfect paper.
Hopefully this paper is useful for writers in particular as well as general
readers.
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